Know the rule.
Be ready to
apply it.

1. Units, ratios and a reliable calculation method
2. Pipe, tank, trench and surface geometry
3. Flow, velocity, demand and storage balance
4. Pressure, head, friction, surges and cavitation
5. Network layouts, maps, pressure zones and storage
6. Disinfection, chlorine demand and residual
7. Chemical dose, product strength and feed calculations
8. Disinfecting mains, wells and storage facilities
9. D2 extension: chloramines, breakpoint and byproducts
10. Residual testing, dilution and analytical quality
11. Valves, pressure controls and isolation
12. Meters, totals, flow ranges and measurement error
13. Hydrant components, operation and testing
14. Pumps, wells and mechanical diagnosis
15. Chemical feeders and protective equipment
16. D2 extension: sensors, SCADA and standby power
17. Pipe materials, compatibility and hydraulic condition
18. Joints, fittings, thrust and restraint
19. Excavation, bedding, backfill and dewatering
20. Locating leaks, classifying repairs and restoring service
21. Service connections, cross-connections and flushing routes
22. Sources, wells and sanitary surveys
23. Indicator organisms, pathogens and sample interpretation
24. pH, hardness, contaminants and corrosion
25. Water age, biofilms and water-quality troubleshooting
26. Standards, compliance and operator responsibilities
27. Sampling plans, RTCR and lead-and-copper collection
28. Worker safety, confined spaces and chemical exposure
29. Emergency response, public notice and recovery
30. Maintenance programs, records and integrated decisions

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official grade exams

D1 and D2 are separate 100-question examinations. The current linked Expected Range of Knowledge identifies grade-specific scope and allocations.

D1 domain allocation

Disinfection 15; hydraulics/design 20; equipment 20; regulations/management/safety 15; mains/piping 20; quality/source 10.

D2 domain allocation

Disinfection 20; hydraulics/design 20; equipment 20; regulations/management/safety 10; mains/piping 20; quality/source 10.

D1 education

High-school diploma, GED or an accepted equivalent under the current qualification document.

D2 education

D1-level general education plus one qualifying specialized course in water supply principles: 36 contact hours, 3.6 CEUs or 3 semester units, subject to the State Water Board requirements.

Grade progression

The current D1/D2 qualification table does not require holding D1 before applying for D2, and does not list an operator-experience prerequisite for those grades. Verify individual eligibility and documentation with the Board.

Timing and passing

This edition does not assert an unverified official duration or passing percentage. Each grade practice uses 180-minute publisher pacing; confirm official appointment and scoring requirements directly.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. The California treatment pathway and operator decisions
2. Units, ratios and dependable calculation setup
3. Tank geometry, operating volume and head
4. Flow, velocity and detention time
5. Surface water, watersheds and source protection
6. Aquifers, well construction and groundwater protection
7. Well performance, storage integrity and changing levels
8. Water chemistry, contaminants and microbial concepts
9. Treatment barriers and conventional process sequence
10. Filtration, head loss and T2 backwash calculations
11. Chlorine chemistry, demand and residual
12. Chemical dose, product strength and feed calculations
13. T2 contact time, disinfectant selection and CT
14. Byproducts, chloramines and corrosion control
15. Taste, odor, iron, manganese and treatment selection
16. Pumps, motors and operating evidence
17. Valves, meters and pressure measurements
18. Chemical feeders, calibration and safe delivery
19. Instrumentation, SCADA and planned maintenance
20. Representative sampling and chain of custody
21. Laboratory pH, alkalinity, hardness and dilutions
22. Chlorine and turbidity measurements that can be trusted
23. Microbiological indicators and sample interpretation
24. Standards, treatment techniques and California distinctions
25. Microbial rules, filtration performance and public protection
26. Confined spaces, hazardous energy and chemical emergencies
27. Operating records, responsibility and emergency coordination
28. T2 integrated calculations and diagnostic comparisons

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official examination

Separate T1 or T2 treatment-operator examination, 100 questions per grade.

Published categories

Source water 25; treatment 25; operations/maintenance 20; laboratory 15; regulations/administration 15.

Practice structure

Forms A and B each contain separate 100-question T1 and 100-question T2 sessions. Four sessions, 400 original questions total.

Timing and passing

The current primary documents reviewed do not establish official timing or a passing threshold. The 180-minute target per session is publisher-selected rehearsal pacing; use current candidate instructions.

Usual education route

T1: high school diploma/GED or listed alternatives. T2 adds an accepted treatment-fundamentals course of 36 hours, 3.6 CEUs or three college semester units.

Certification

Separate application after a qualifying examination pass. The published T1/T2 chart does not add higher-grade work-experience requirements; it specifies a pass within the previous three years.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Follow the water and the solids
2. Units, dimensions and tank volume
3. Flow, detention time and mass loading
4. Recognize hazards before entering the work
5. Confined spaces and hazardous energy
6. Build a defensible sampling record
7. BOD, COD and dissolved oxygen
8. Solids, pH and simple laboratory evidence
9. Screening and headworks observations
10. Grit removal and selective settling
11. Primary settling and hydraulic loading
12. Primary sludge, scum and solids transfer
13. Anaerobic digestion and a balanced biological process
14. Sludge stabilization, thickening and solids accounting
15. Wastewater disinfection and the meaning of residual
16. Chemical-feed arithmetic and dechlorination control
17. Stabilization-pond ecology and daily oxygen changes
18. Pond loading, flow paths and practical maintenance
19. Pumps, valves and equipment evidence
20. Troubleshooting across the treatment train
21. California Grade I eligibility, OIT status and plant roles
22. Permits, reporting and the boundary of compliance
23. Integrated loading, removal and hydraulic calculations
24. A complete Grade I rehearsal and error-repair method

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official format

45 true/false questions at 1 point, 25 multiple choice at 2 points and 10 math problems at 4 points: 80 questions and 135 points.

Official time

150 minutes overall according to the current-linked Grade I information sheet.

Passing requirements

At least 94.5 of 135 points overall AND at least 20 of 40 math points. Both conditions apply.

Practice adaptation

Math uses publisher numeric write-in with stated units/tolerances; the official sheet does not verify exact math response format. 30/50/70-minute section pacing is editorial within 150 minutes.

Exam education

High school diploma or equivalent plus six accepted educational points under the published Grade I route.

Certification experience

The published Grade I table adds one year of full-time qualifying experience. OIT supervision, duty definitions and documentation govern; this guide awards no qualifying credit.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. The associate role and the four system families
2. Voltage, current, resistance, power and energy
3. Series, parallel and circuit configuration
4. Modules, irradiance, temperature and the I-V curve
5. Inverters, trackers and balance-of-system functions
6. Storage, usable capacity and supported loads
7. Hazard identification and the hierarchy of controls
8. Electrical sources, isolation and safe boundaries
9. Working at height, access and material handling
10. Environmental hazards, PPE and the site safety plan
11. Customer goals, bills and load profiles
12. Project economics, financing and maintenance costs
13. Solar resource, orientation and shade
14. Datasheets, string voltage and equipment compatibility
15. Energy estimates, system sizing and loss accounting
16. Plans, codes, structural review and interconnection
17. Mounting systems, attachments and installation sequence
18. Conductors, connectors, grounding and labels
19. Storage installation and operating boundaries
20. Commissioning, documentation and owner handover
21. Test instruments and meaningful measurements
22. Monitoring, metering and performance metrics
23. Performance deviations, protective trips and troubleshooting
24. Maintenance planning, work orders and service records

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Current content outline

NABCEP PVA JTA v.2026.2, effective April 7, 2026: six domains.

Official format

70 four-option multiple-choice questions: 60 scored and 10 unidentified unscored pilot items.

Official time

Up to 2 hours, according to the currently linked Associate Candidate Handbook.

Passing standard

Scaled score 65. This is not a raw 65% correct requirement.

Eligibility

Qualifying education through a NABCEP registered provider, or the applicable experience pathway requiring at least six months equivalent direct relevant experience; verify documentation with NABCEP.

Credential scope

Associate-level knowledge credential; not PV Installation Professional certification, an electrical license or authorization for unqualified field work.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Main ideas, details and useful summaries
2. Inference, evidence and the strength of a claim
3. Vocabulary, word parts and reference tools
4. Purpose, perspective, tone and narrative meaning
5. Text structure, tables and visual information
6. Speech sounds, phonics and word analysis
7. Fluency, comprehension and supported discussion
8. Complete sentences, agreement and verb time
9. Pronouns, modifiers and precise word choice
10. Punctuation, capitalization and spelling
11. Planning, revising and writing for a purpose
12. Credible sources, citations and responsible publishing
13. Place value, integers and number lines
14. Exponents, order of operations and calculator checks
15. Fraction meaning, equivalence and comparison
16. Fraction operations and meaningful models
17. Decimals, money and place-value operations
18. Percents, ratios and rates in context
19. Expressions, properties and translating words
20. Linear equations and word-problem models
21. Measurement units and conversions
22. Time, elapsed intervals and schedules
23. Shapes, angles and the coordinate plane
24. Perimeter, area and composite figures
25. Surface area, volume and three-dimensional units
26. Data displays, averages and justified conclusions

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Exam identifiers

5757 combines Reading and Writing (5758) and Mathematics (5759). Confirm your state or local education agency accepts this exact assessment.

Reading and Writing

51 selected-response questions in 85 minutes: approximately 30 Reading and 21 Writing. The official companion includes selection of one or more answers.

Mathematics

36 questions in 60 minutes: 18 Numbers and Operations and 18 Geometry, Measurement and Data Analysis. Selected-response and numeric-entry formats are described, with an on-screen four-function calculator.

Total structure

87 questions across two separately timed subjects, totaling 145 minutes. The official companion notes that some questions may not count toward the score.

Qualifying requirements

State and district acceptance and subtest standards vary. As checked October 14, 2026, ETS lists Connecticut at 332 for 5758 and 334 for 5759, while Washington lists 324 and 325. Verify your own route; neither pair is a nationwide standard.

Format source

The current detailed 5757 study companion controls this edition. Some commerce summaries retained legacy ParaPro 90-question/150-minute language; that legacy structure is not used here.

Role and eligibility

The assessment is designed for prospective or current paraeducators supporting teachers. Passing an assessment does not by itself satisfy every employer, education, screening or local eligibility requirement.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Development and the learner behind the response
2. Memory, metacognition and the construction of knowledge
3. Behavior, reinforcement and learning from models
4. Motivation, belonging and productive persistence
5. Diverse learners, language and equitable access
6. Exceptionalities, individualized support and disability law
7. Classroom routines, behavior support and a safe learning climate
8. Standards, curriculum and coherent instructional planning
9. Learning objectives and the evidence they require
10. Explicit instruction, modeling and gradual independence
11. Inquiry, experience and complex thinking
12. Grouping, discussion and shared responsibility
13. Differentiation, access and purposeful technology
14. Questioning, communication and responsive teaching
15. Assessment purposes and instructional decisions
16. Assessment design, rubrics and authentic performance
17. Reliability, validity and fair interpretation
18. Scores, data patterns and useful feedback
19. Professional duties and student rights
20. Families and community partnerships
21. Research literacy and reflective improvement
22. Collaboration, leadership and integrated decisions

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Exam identifier

Praxis Principles of Learning and Teaching: PreK-12, code 5625. Confirm that this exact code is required by your state and route.

Official format

100 selected-response questions in 120 minutes. ETS describes selecting one or more choices and notes that some questions may not count toward the score.

Official content

Students as Learners 31%; Instructional Process 30%; Assessment 20%; Professional Development, Leadership and Community 19%.

Qualifying standard

Requirements vary by licensing jurisdiction and route. Indiana lists 5625 for All Grades with a qualifying score of 157; that is an example, not a nationwide standard.

Preparation context

ETS describes typical examinees as having completed or nearly completed an undergraduate education program. This independent pack is not an approved teacher-preparation program or license.

Source edition

Official public sources checked October 14, 2026. This is an established test, not a newly launched examination.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. What real estate includes
2. Descriptions, surveys and land-use controls
3. Estates, co-ownership and leases
4. Deeds, title evidence and lien priority
5. Value, appraisal and investment analysis
6. Contract formation and enforceability
7. Performance, contingencies and remedies
8. Agency duties and representation
9. Brokerage, fair housing and risk management
10. Property conditions and environmental disclosure
11. Loans, security and borrower qualification
12. Federal credit rules and closing
13. A calculation method that survives new numbers
14. Georgia licensing, education and Commission authority
15. Georgia conduct, advertising and personal transactions
16. Georgia trust accounts and transaction records
17. BRRETA: clients, customers and brokerage relationships
18. Georgia contracts, notices and negotiation
19. Georgia property and community association management
20. Georgia security deeds, loans and foreclosure
21. Georgia attorney closings, title and settlement decisions
22. Georgia transfer taxes, loan taxes and prorations

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Practice format

Two original forms of 100 national and 52 Georgia questions. The current PSI bulletin sample score report supports these lengths; the Georgia outline allocates 16 laws/rules,21 practice and 15 finance/closing items.

Practice timing

240 minutes total is a publisher rehearsal pace, divided 160 national/80 state for this workbook. Confirm official time and any separate-section administration with PSI.

Passing standard

The current official bulletin reviewed does not clearly verify a numerical cutoff. Confirm directly with PSI; this edition does not invent a 75%or 72%requirement.

Education

Generally 75 hours of approved salesperson prelicensing or a recognized alternative;25 hours of approved postlicense education in the first year. This guide awards no approved credit.

Authority

Active issuance and required broker affiliation are separate from examination success.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. What real estate includes
2. Descriptions, surveys and land-use controls
3. Estates, co-ownership and leases
4. Deeds, title evidence and lien priority
5. Value, appraisal and investment analysis
6. Contract formation and enforceability
7. Performance, contingencies and remedies
8. Agency duties and representation
9. Brokerage, fair housing and risk management
10. Property conditions and environmental disclosure
11. Loans, security and borrower qualification
12. Federal credit rules and closing
13. A calculation method that survives new numbers
14. North Carolina licensure and provisional status
15. Agency disclosure, consent and the client relationship
16. Dual agency, designated agency and conflicts
17. Supervision, compensation and accountable files
18. Trust money, advertising and material facts
19. North Carolina taxes, insurance and transaction budgets
20. Offers, due diligence and attorney-led closing
21. Residential tenancies and tenant security deposits
22. Ownership, disclosure and other North Carolina laws

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Format

80 scored national items and 60 scored state items; each official section adds 5 unscored pretest items.

Time

National 150 minutes; state 120 minutes, timed separately.

Passing standard

The official booklet states a passing score of 75 for each section, computed separately. Do not average the section scores.

Qualification

Generally a 75-hour approved Broker Prelicensing Course and school exam, application and character review, then the required licensing sections. Recognized alternative routes have separate conditions.

License status

The ordinary initial license is an inactive provisional broker license. Activate with required BIC supervision before practice; complete required postlicensing education.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. What real estate includes
2. Descriptions, surveys and land-use controls
3. Estates, co-ownership and leases
4. Deeds, title evidence and lien priority
5. Value, appraisal and investment analysis
6. Contract formation and enforceability
7. Performance, contingencies and remedies
8. Agency duties and representation
9. Brokerage, fair housing and risk management
10. Property conditions and environmental disclosure
11. Loans, security and borrower qualification
12. Federal credit rules and closing
13. A calculation method that survives new numbers
14. Arizona regulation, licensing and supervision
15. Consumer protection, enforceable writings and homestead
16. Arizona advertising and development promotions
17. Arizona agency relationships and informed consent
18. Arizona disclosure, conflicts and timely performance
19. Arizona professional competencies and specialized property
20. Reasonable care: water, land, environment and taxes
21. Arizona employment agreements and purchase contracts
22. Critical services: trust money, escrow, title and lending
23. Arizona ownership, deeds and encumbrances
24. Arizona foreclosure, short sales and deficiency analysis

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Current format

80 scored general/national items and 60 scored state-specific items. Each official section also includes five unscored pretest questions.

Official time

150 minutes for the general section and 90 minutes for the Arizona section, timed separately.

Passing standard

75% correct on each required section. The two section results are separate; these original practice scores are diagnostic only.

Ordinary education route

Approved 90-hour salesperson prelicensing and six-hour contract-writing course, plus required application documents. This independent review provides no approved course credit.

Application and activation

Apply within one year of passing the required examinations. License issuance, active status and broker affiliation remain separate from passing.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Risk, loss and the purpose of insurance
2. Contracts, applications and information rights
3. Valuation, deductibles and insurance-to-value
4. Property and liability claim conditions
5. Dwelling forms and rental-property exposures
6. Homeowners property coverage and form choices
7. Personal liability, medical payments and endorsements
8. Commercial property, package policies and builders risk
9. Business income, extra expense, equipment breakdown and BOP
10. Inland marine, farm, mobile-home and watercraft protection
11. Flood, earthquake, windstorm and catastrophe gaps
12. Negligence, legal responsibility and damages
13. Commercial general liability
14. Personal auto coverage and limits
15. Business auto, dealers and mobile equipment
16. Workers compensation and employers liability fundamentals
17. Crime coverage, fidelity and surety bonds
18. Professional, cyber, liquor, umbrella and terrorism coverage
19. California licensing, capacity and continuing duties
20. California ethics, underwriting and fiduciary handling
21. California fair claims and the claim timeline
22. California automobile law and coverage choices
23. California residential protection, wildfire and earthquake
24. California workers compensation and employment exposures
25. California special markets, insolvency and pet insurance

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official examination

Property and Casualty combined producer examination; apply for both lines as appropriate.

Format and time

150 questions; 3 hours. Producer passing standard: 60 percent.

2026 education change

Former line-specific prelicensing hours were repealed. Approved 12-hour ethics and California Insurance Code education remains required for license issuance.

Authority

Licensing, background review and applicable appointment or broker-bond filings remain separate from passing the examination.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Risk, loss and the purpose of insurance
2. Contracts, applications and information rights
3. Valuation, deductibles and insurance-to-value
4. Property and liability claim conditions
5. Dwelling forms and rental-property exposures
6. Homeowners property coverage and form choices
7. Personal liability, medical payments and endorsements
8. Commercial property, package policies and builders risk
9. Business income, extra expense, equipment breakdown and BOP
10. Inland marine, farm, mobile-home and watercraft protection
11. Flood, earthquake, windstorm and catastrophe gaps
12. Negligence, legal responsibility and damages
13. Commercial general liability
14. Personal auto coverage and limits
15. Business auto, dealers and mobile equipment
16. Workers compensation and employers liability fundamentals
17. Crime coverage, fidelity and surety bonds
18. Professional, cyber, liquor, umbrella and terrorism coverage
19. Florida regulation, licensing and appointments
20. Florida producer conduct, premium funds and consumer protection
21. Florida auto: PIP, liability and uninsured motorists
22. Florida property: hurricane, flood and ground movement
23. Florida property claims, cancellation and premium finance
24. Florida workers compensation, residual markets and placement
25. Medical-expense coverage and health-plan structures
26. Health-policy provisions, renewability and claims
27. Disability-income insurance and business protection
28. Group coverage, continuation and coordination
29. Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security
30. Long-term care and Medicare supplement coverage
31. Health underwriting, federal protections and savings arrangements
32. Florida health contracts, claims and informed marketing
33. Florida group health, networks and small-employer coverage
34. Florida Medicare supplement and long-term care protections

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official examination

Florida Agent’s General Lines Insurance, resident license 2-20.

Format and time

160 scored questions plus 15 pretest questions; 3-hour time limit.

Passing standard

The Florida handbook identifies 70 as the passing score. Publisher raw practice results are study measures, not a validated conversion to official performance.

Ordinary education route

200-hour approved property and casualty course within four years; specified experience, conversion, designation and transfer alternatives have their own conditions.

Scope

General Lines includes property, casualty, surety, marine, health and miscellaneous lines; it is not a life/annuity license.

Registration

Current DFS guidance requires new examination reservations at a physical test center. Passing scores are ordinarily valid for one year; five attempts maximum for the same exam type in twelve months.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Risk, insurance contracts and the producer's role
2. Applications, underwriting and delivery
3. Term and whole-life policy design
4. Universal, indexed and variable life insurance
5. Ownership, beneficiaries and life-policy provisions
6. Riders, nonforfeiture, dividends and settlement choices
7. Annuities, payout choices and guarantees
8. Business insurance, retirement arrangements and federal tax
9. Medical-expense coverage and health-plan structures
10. Health-policy provisions, renewability and claims
11. Disability-income insurance and business protection
12. Group coverage, continuation and coordination
13. Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security
14. Long-term care and Medicare supplement coverage
15. Health underwriting, federal protections and savings arrangements
16. New York licensing, appointments and professional conduct
17. New York life-policy rights, replacement and best interest
18. Life settlements and retirement-plan decisions
19. New York health contracts, claims and access to care
20. New York group health, continuation and young-adult coverage
21. New York statutory disability and Paid Family Leave
22. New York Medigap, long-term care and special needs

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official examination

New York Life, Accident and Health Insurance Agent, Series 17-55.

Format and time

150 examination items; 150-minute time limit. The bulletin states examinations may include 5-10 additional experimental items that do not affect the score.

Passing standard

The current PSI bulletin states 70 percent correct is required. Practice results are study measures, not a validated prediction of official performance.

Ordinary education route

40 hours of approved combined prelicensing education, subject to applicable waivers and alternative qualifications.

Application timing

Ordinarily apply for the license within two years after passing. Passing alone does not authorize sales.

Source vintage

The currently linked PSI bulletin carries an April 28, 2023 revision date. This edition checks it together with current New York law and DFS guidance on October 14, 2026.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Organization, anatomical language and homeostasis
2. Cells, membranes and transport
3. Bones, joints and muscle contraction
4. Nervous signaling and sensory pathways
5. Endocrine coordination and hormone feedback
6. Cardiovascular flow, exchange and blood
7. Respiration, ventilation and gas exchange
8. Digestion, absorption and nutrient processing
9. Kidneys, filtration and fluid balance
10. Reproduction, meiosis and development
11. Lymphatic return, immunity and defense
12. Skin, barriers and temperature regulation
13. Biological molecules, enzymes and energy
14. DNA, RNA and gene expression
15. Cell division, inheritance and probability
16. Microorganisms, populations and biological change
17. Atoms, ions and the periodic table
18. Bonds, reactions and conservation
19. Matter, phase changes and gas relationships
20. Solutions, concentration, acids and bases
21. Measurement, units and scientific tools
22. Experimental design, controls and variables
23. Tables, graphs, variation and probability
24. Scientific explanations, evidence and integrated reasoning

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official Science section

50 questions in 60 minutes: 44 scored and 6 unscored.

Scored categories

Human anatomy/physiology 18; biology 9; chemistry 8; scientific reasoning 9.

Response formats

ATI uses multiple choice, multiple select, fill-in-the-blank, ordered response and hotspots. This printable companion uses single-answer questions.

Admission

Programs set their own requirements. This Science-only companion does not cover the other three TEAS sections or predict an admission result.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Read the quantity before calculating
2. Ratios, proportions, and scale
3. Percentages and the correct base
4. Rates and compatible units
5. Represent the unknown
6. Measurement in practical problems
7. Totals, averages, and unit cost
8. Plan, estimate, and interpret
9. Numbers, fractions, and sensible calculation
10. Ratios, percentages, and unit rates
11. Linear equations and inequalities
12. Expressions, polynomials, and simple quadratics
13. Functions, graphs, and changing quantities
14. Geometry, measurement, and units
15. Data, averages, and probability
16. Modeling and checking a complete solution
17. Read for meaning and exact detail
18. Test inferences and arguments
19. Notice craft, context, and perspective
20. Combine texts, tables, and qualifications
21. Word meanings, synonyms and shades of meaning
22. Prefixes, roots and suffixes
23. Context clues, contrasts and multiple meanings
24. Verbal accuracy and four-subtest integration

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Scope

The AFQT uses AR, MK, WK and PC. This guide covers these four subjects, not all ASVAB subtests.

Scored-only CAT practice

AR: 15 questions / 55 minutes; WK: 15 / 9; PC: 10 / 27; MK: 15 / 31. Official tryout items can add questions and time.

Tools

No calculator. Actual test instructions control.

Score meaning

Fixed workbook accuracy is not an official AFQT percentile or a guarantee of military qualification.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Class A knowledge, permits and training boundaries
2. A systematic vehicle inspection
3. Tires, wheels, steering and suspension
4. Basic control, shifting and safe backing
5. Seeing, signaling and hazard recognition
6. Speed, stopping distance and space
7. Rain, ice, wind and extreme temperatures
8. Night driving, fatigue and driver readiness
9. Railroad crossings and mountain grades
10. Emergency control, skids and tire failure
11. Cargo securement and inspection intervals
12. Weight, balance and stability
13. Duty clocks, rest and trip records
14. Alcohol, drugs, distraction and professional judgment
15. Crashes, fires and hazardous-material awareness
16. Route planning, clearances and integrated decisions
17. Air-brake components and normal operation
18. Air-system inspection and pressure tests
19. Service braking, ABS and downhill heat
20. Low-air emergencies, parking and stored energy
21. Combination dynamics, offtracking and rollover
22. Coupling: alignment, height and positive connection
23. Uncoupling, landing gear and trailer support
24. Combination air lines, protection and final checks

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Scope

Class A written foundations: General Knowledge, Air Brakes and Combination Vehicles. State administrative rules and additional endorsements require separate study.

Official knowledge standard

Federal minimum: at least 80% correct on each knowledge test. Actual state lengths and time allowances vary.

This practice format

Each form has 50 General Knowledge, 25 Air Brakes and 20 Combination questions. Suggested 60/30/25-minute blocks are publisher choices.

Training boundary

This guide is not a registered ELDT course, does not report completion to the Training Provider Registry and does not replace supervised vehicle training or skills tests.

Numeric examples

Air-check numbers are explicitly tied to the Oregon public-manual example and manufacturer conditions. Verify the current manual and vehicle used for your state test.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. New York licensing, broker supervision, and accountable practice
2. Agency authority, fiduciary duties, and conflicting interests
3. New York agency disclosures, brokerage agreements, and compensation
4. Property rights, estates, ownership, and land descriptions
5. Easements, encumbrances, liens, and priority
6. Deeds, recording, title evidence, and ownership transfer
7. Closing accounts, prorations, transfer taxes, and cash to close
8. Contracts, contingencies, remedies, and lawful document preparation
9. Leases, tenant protections, and New York City rental fees
10. Mortgage finance, loan programs, and New York foreclosure
11. Land use, municipal powers, and environmental review
12. Construction, building systems, and inspection reasoning
13. Environmental conditions and current New York property disclosure
14. Valuation, market analysis, comparable sales, and cost
15. Fair housing, human rights, accessibility, and professional bias
16. Real estate mathematics: choose the base before calculating
17. Property insurance and licensee safety
18. New York property taxes, assessments, exemptions, and review
19. Condominiums, cooperatives, and offering-plan due diligence
20. Commercial investment, income analysis, and leverage
21. Commercial leases, due diligence, and transaction protections
22. Income-tax fundamentals for ownership and investment
23. Consumer mortgage rules, settlement disclosures, and mortgage brokerage
24. Property management, budgets, records, and owner reporting

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official exam

New York Department of State real estate salesperson written examination.

Format

Multiple choice based on the 77-hour curriculum. This edition uses two editorial 75-question practice forms; the official public pages reviewed did not verify a question count.

Time

Official examination: 90 minutes after instructions. Practice forms use the same time.

Passing standard

DOS reports pass/fail rather than numerical scores. A numerical cutoff was not verified in the official public guidance reviewed; practice scores are learning indicators.

Required education

77 hours of DOS-approved qualifying education and the school-proctored examination, subject to approved waiver rules. This publication awards no education credit.

License eligibility

At least 18, qualifying education and examination, application, and sponsorship by a licensed New York broker. Passing exam results are valid for two years.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Certification scope and the rule hierarchy
2. Ozone, climate and refrigerant transitions
3. Following the refrigeration cycle
4. Pressure, temperature and measurement logic
5. Refrigerants, blends and lubricants
6. Recover, recycle, reclaim and prevent releases
7. Recovery cylinders, weight and transportation
8. Safety decisions before connecting a hose
9. Leak detection and dehydration
10. Type I classification and required recovery
11. Type I recovery methods and access
12. Type I contamination, disposal and practical decisions
13. Type II equipment and operating diagnosis
14. Type II recovery levels and repair exceptions
15. The Section 608 ODS leak-repair program
16. The 2026 AIM Act leak rules and changing industry
17. Type III chillers and inward leakage
18. Type III leak testing and pressure protection
19. Type III recovery and water-freezing protection
20. Type III charging and nonmajor service
21. Calculations and integrated rule selection
22. Records, disposal and exam readiness

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official structure

Universal: four sections of 25 questions, 100 total: Core, Type I, Type II and Type III.

Passing standard

At least 70% in EACH closed-book section; ESCO requires 18 correct out of 25. A high total does not offset a failed section.

Administration

Closed-book and proctored, in person or through an approved remote program. Only provider-authorized references may be used.

Timing

Confirm the selected certifying organization's time allowance. Our four 30-minute practice blocks are publisher-selected pacing, not a universal EPA time limit.

Type I alternative

Mail-in/open-book Type I uses an 84% standard. Its open-book Core/Type I results cannot be used for Universal; take the required proctored sections.

Eligibility and duration

No federal prerequisite course or degree is specified for this exam. Section 608 certification does not expire. Practical work also requires appropriate training, supervision and any applicable local credentials.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Risk, loss and the purpose of insurance
2. Contracts, applications and information rights
3. Valuation, deductibles and insurance-to-value
4. Property and liability claim conditions
5. Dwelling forms and rental-property exposures
6. Homeowners property coverage and form choices
7. Personal liability, medical payments and endorsements
8. Commercial property, package policies and builders risk
9. Business income, extra expense, equipment breakdown and BOP
10. Inland marine, farm, mobile-home and watercraft protection
11. Flood, earthquake, windstorm and catastrophe gaps
12. Negligence, legal responsibility and damages
13. Commercial general liability
14. Personal auto coverage and limits
15. Business auto, dealers and mobile equipment
16. Workers compensation and employers liability fundamentals
17. Crime coverage, fidelity and surety bonds
18. Professional, cyber, liquor, umbrella and terrorism coverage
19. Texas regulator, insurer status and producer licensing
20. Texas conduct, underwriting and claim handling
21. Texas auto law, PIP, UM/UIM and residual markets
22. Texas home insurance, FAIR, TWIA and fire-loss rules
23. Texas workers compensation coverage and benefits
24. Texas surplus lines, rate regulation, guaranty protection and JUA

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official examination

General Lines - Property & Casualty. Select the exact title in the current Pearson booking system.

Format

130 scored questions: 100 general and 30 Texas. The actual exam adds 15 unscored pretest questions (10 general and 5 Texas).

Time

One combined 150-minute examination; general and Texas items are not separately timed.

Passing standard

Scaled score of 70. This is not a fixed raw 70% correct rule.

Entry route

Ordinary permanent license: pass exam, complete applicable fingerprint/background process and apply within one year. TDI lists no mandatory prelicensing-hour course for this route.

Fees checked

$49 examination; $50 permanent-license application. Confirm current fees and eligibility before booking.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Risk, contracts and the producer
2. Applications, evidence and underwriting
3. Receipts, delivery, privacy and anti-money laundering
4. Term insurance and the duration of a need
5. Whole life, premium schedules and guarantees
6. Universal, indexed and variable life
7. Ownership and beneficiary decisions
8. Policy provisions, assignments and loans
9. Life-policy riders and living benefits
10. Nonforfeiture, dividends, settlements and life settlements
11. Annuity designs and accumulation
12. Annuity income, liquidity and exchanges
13. Business needs and retirement arrangements
14. Life taxation, group protection and Social Security
15. Texas licensing, authority and continuing duties
16. Texas marketing, claims conduct and insolvency protection
17. Texas life provisions, group conversion and credit life
18. Texas replacement and annuity recommendations

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official examination

Life Agent, InsTX-Life01 (English); this is a different examination from General Lines - Life, Accident & Health.

Format

80 scored questions: 50 general knowledge and 30 Texas law. The official examination adds five general and five state pretest questions, for 90 delivered items.

Time

120 minutes for the combined examination. The two practice forms each contain 80 scored-length items and exclude the ten official pretest items.

Passing standard

Scaled score of 70; it does not mean precisely 70% of raw answers. Our raw practice scores are not equated to the official scale.

Ordinary permanent route

Pass the examination, complete applicable fingerprint/background requirements and apply within one year of passing. TDI does not list a mandatory prelicensing-hour course for this route. A temporary license has separate sponsor-training requirements.

Fees checked October 2026

$39 examination fee and $50 permanent-license application fee; other services can have separate charges. Confirm current fees before booking.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Real property, personal property, and the rights being sold
2. Estates, co-ownership, and legal descriptions
3. Encumbrances, easements, liens, and priority
4. Public land-use controls, private restrictions, and environmental risk
5. Agency: who represents whom, and how the relationship begins
6. Fiduciary duties, disclosure, conflicts, and termination
7. Brokerage employment, compensation, and responsible supervision
8. Contract formation, enforceability, and remedies
9. Listings and California buyer representation agreements
10. Purchase agreements, contingencies, options, and leasing contracts
11. Value, market behavior, and the appraisal process
12. Sales comparison, cost, and depreciation
13. Income property, capitalization, and investment mathematics
14. Loans, repayment structures, and sources of financing
15. Notes, deeds of trust, default, and foreclosure
16. Credit regulation, settlement disclosures, and loan originators
17. Deeds, title evidence, recording, and ownership transfer
18. Escrow, closing statements, prorations, and cash to close
19. Property taxes, income-tax concepts, and special transfers
20. California disclosures, inspections, and material facts
21. Fair housing, accessible service, and working with diverse clients
22. Trust funds: receipt, deposits, ledgers, and reconciliation
23. Licensing, advertising, records, discipline, and digital practice
24. Property management, commercial property, and specialty practice

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official exam

California DRE Real Estate Salesperson Examination

Format

150 multiple-choice questions with four choices; one integrated examination.

Time

3 hours.

Passing standard

At least 70 percent correct (105 of 150). A practice score is not a validated prediction.

Required education

Three qualifying college-level courses: Real Estate Principles, Real Estate Practice, and one approved elective; DRE-approved private-school courses are at least 45 hours each. Statutory exemptions may apply. This independent guide provides no course credit.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. What real estate includes
2. Descriptions, surveys and land-use controls
3. Estates, co-ownership and leases
4. Deeds, title evidence and lien priority
5. Value, appraisal and investment analysis
6. Contract formation and enforceability
7. Performance, contingencies and remedies
8. Agency duties and representation
9. Brokerage, fair housing and risk management
10. Property conditions and environmental disclosure
11. Loans, security and borrower qualification
12. Federal credit rules and closing
13. A calculation method that survives new numbers
14. TREC authority and the sales-agent license
15. Texas conduct, trust money and advertising
16. Texas representation after the 2026 changes
17. The Texas resale contract: money, title and performance
18. Financing addenda, condition and Texas disclosure choices
19. Texas marital property, homestead and consumer protection
20. Texas leases, foreclosure and special transaction risks

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official exam

Texas Sales Agent: National and State Law portions, Pearson VUE

Format

National:80 scored plus 5 pretest. State:40 scored plus 10 pretest.

Time

National 150 minutes; state 90 minutes.

Passing standard

56 of 80 national and 28 of 40 state scored items correct.

Required education

180 hours of TREC-approved qualifying education; this independent guide does not award that credit.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. The real estate business
2. Licensing, qualifications and license status
3. FREC, DBPR and the regulatory process
4. Brokerage relationships and disclosure duties
5. Brokerage operations, escrow and compensation
6. Violations, discipline and the Recovery Fund
7. Fair housing, consumer law and residential rentals
8. Property rights, estates and shared ownership
9. Title, deeds, liens and ownership restrictions
10. Legal descriptions and land measurements
11. Contracts, negotiation and required disclosures
12. Residential mortgages and borrower qualification
13. Mortgage markets, loan structures and financing cost
14. Closing statements and real-estate mathematics
15. Markets, supply and demand
16. Appraisal and the three approaches to value
17. Investment analysis and business opportunities
18. Property taxes and federal tax concepts
19. Planning, zoning and land-use decisions

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official exam

Florida Real Estate Sales Associate Examination

Format

100 multiple-choice questions; DBPR may pilot unscored items as explained in its booklet.

Time

3 hours 30 minutes

Passing standard

75 points or higher on the official 100-point scale

Required education

Normally an approved 63-hour prelicensing course; statutory exemptions and other eligibility requirements may apply.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Risk, insurance contracts and the producer's role
2. Applications, underwriting and delivery
3. Term and whole-life policy design
4. Universal, indexed and variable life insurance
5. Ownership, beneficiaries and life-policy provisions
6. Riders, nonforfeiture, dividends and settlement choices
7. Annuities, payout choices and guarantees
8. Business insurance, retirement arrangements and federal tax
9. Medical-expense coverage and health-plan structures
10. Health-policy provisions, renewability and claims
11. Disability-income insurance and business protection
12. Group coverage, continuation and coordination
13. Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security
14. Long-term care and Medicare supplement coverage
15. Health underwriting, federal protections and savings arrangements
16. California licensing, authority, and the 2026 education changes
17. California insurance contract rules and the statutory vocabulary
18. Producer conduct, money, privacy, and fair claims handling
19. California life policies, replacement, and senior protections
20. California annuity best interest and specialized product training
21. California health coverage, group markets, and continuation
22. California Medicare supplements and long-term-care safeguards

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official combined exam

Life, Accident & Health or Sickness: 150 questions, three hours, 60% passing standard.

Separate exams

Life: 75 questions/90 minutes. Accident & Health or Sickness: 75 questions/90 minutes. Each has a 60% passing standard.

2026 education change

AB 943 removed the 20-hour product prelicensing requirement effective January 1, 2026. The approved 12-hour ethics/code course remains required before issuance, not before scheduling or taking the exam.

Guide status

Independent review edition. No approved prelicensing or continuing-education credit; no pass guarantee or regulator endorsement.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Risk, insurance contracts and the producer's role
2. Applications, underwriting and delivery
3. Term and whole-life policy design
4. Universal, indexed and variable life insurance
5. Ownership, beneficiaries and life-policy provisions
6. Riders, nonforfeiture, dividends and settlement choices
7. Annuities, payout choices and guarantees
8. Business insurance, retirement arrangements and federal tax
9. Medical-expense coverage and health-plan structures
10. Health-policy provisions, renewability and claims
11. Disability-income insurance and business protection
12. Group coverage, continuation and coordination
13. Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security
14. Long-term care and Medicare supplement coverage
15. Health underwriting, federal protections and savings arrangements
16. Texas insurance authority, licensing and continuing duties
17. Texas marketing, claims conduct and insolvency protection
18. Texas life provisions, group conversion and credit protection
19. Texas replacement and annuity recommendations
20. Texas health provisions, newborns and underwriting protections
21. Texas HMO coverage, networks and member rights
22. Texas small-group, Medigap and long-term care decisions

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official examination

General Lines - Life, Accident & Health, InsTX-LAH 05; license includes HMO.

Format

130 scored questions plus 15 unscored pretest items: 100 general scored and 30 Texas scored.

Time

One combined 150-minute examination; the general and state domains are not separately timed.

Passing standard

Scaled score of 70. This is not a statement that exactly 70% of raw questions must be correct.

Entry requirements

Ordinary permanent route: pass the exam, complete required fingerprints/background process and apply within one year of passing. TDI lists no mandatory prelicensing-hour course for this route.

Fees at research date

$49 examination fee and $50 permanent-license application fee; verify before registration.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.

1. Risk, insurance contracts and the producer's role
2. Applications, underwriting and delivery
3. Term and whole-life policy design
4. Universal, indexed and variable life insurance
5. Ownership, beneficiaries and life-policy provisions
6. Riders, nonforfeiture, dividends and settlement choices
7. Annuities, payout choices and guarantees
8. Business insurance, retirement arrangements and federal tax
9. Medical-expense coverage and health-plan structures
10. Health-policy provisions, renewability and claims
11. Disability-income insurance and business protection
12. Group coverage, continuation and coordination
13. Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security
14. Long-term care and Medicare supplement coverage
15. Health underwriting, federal protections and savings arrangements
16. Florida regulation, licensing and appointments
17. Florida producer conduct, premium funds and consumer protection
18. Florida life contracts, beneficiaries and group protections
19. Florida annuity recommendations and replacement transactions
20. Florida health contracts, claims and informed marketing
21. Florida group health, networks and small-employer coverage
22. Florida Medicare supplement and long-term care protections

The PDF includes a topic-by-topic exam coverage map and official references.

Official exam

Florida Agent's Health & Life (including Annuities & Variable Contracts), 2-15

Format

150 scored questions plus 15 unscored pretest questions; 165 total delivered questions.

Time

2 hours 45 minutes (165 minutes) for the official examination.

Passing standard

70%; official scoring controls. Practice percentages are learning measures, not validated pass predictions.

Required education

Normal resident route: 60 hours of approved prelicensing instruction completed within four years before application; statutory alternatives and exemptions exist. This independent guide is not an approved course.

Testing logistics

Use the current Pearson VUE handbook and DFS eligibility instructions; exams at physical test centers. Passed examination is valid for one year for licensure; five attempts permitted in a 12-month period.

Independent exam prep. Read the stated scope and confirm current admission or licensing requirements with the official provider.